AAC: Enhancing Communication for Autistic Individuals 

Communication is an essential part of human interaction and can take many forms. Whether it’s waving, frowning, pointing, or giving a ‘thumbs up,’ everyone uses multiple methods of communication depending on the situation and the people they are interacting with (Burkhart, 2011). In this post, we’ll explore how various Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) methods can enhance communication for autistic individuals. 

Differences in Communication 

Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that is part of the natural spectrum of neurodiversity. 

Autistic individuals may experience differences in: 

• Social interaction  

• Speech, language and communication  

• Learning, thinking and processing  

• Experiencing feelings  

• Intensity of interests and sensory processing  

Autism frequently co-occurs with other neurodevelopmental conditions, resulting in a unique combination of strengths and challenges. Therefore, intervention and support must be tailored to the individual’s needs, with input from parents, carers, and professionals.  

(RCSLT, 2023) 

What is Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)? 

AAC is a collective term referring to a range of tools, techniques, and approaches that may be used to enhance speech, language, and/or communication (RCSLT, 2024).  

Communication methods can be categorised into two main types: 

• Unaided communication refers to the use of methods involving the user’s body, such as body movements, facial expressions, gestures, key word signing, and vocalisations. 

• Aided communication involves the use of physical tools and techniques. These include visual supports, such as visual timetables and planners, as well as other paper-based materials, such as communication boards and books, and electronic devices, such as voice output communication aids (VOCAs), including AAC apps. 

(RCSLT, 2024) 

AAC may form part of a tailored support plan, often delivered by a multidisciplinary team that includes speech and language therapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, and educators (Information Autism, 2022).  

How can AAC help? 

AAC has been found to have positive effects on outcomes related to communication, play, social, emotional and academic skills (Autism CRC, 2023). Here are some examples of how AAC solutions can be used to support communication: 

Objects of reference – These are real objects used to represent specific people, places, or activities. For example, swimwear could represent swimming, or a spoon could signal mealtime. This approach helps to improve understanding and reduce anxiety by creating a predictable pattern for what is happening next.  

Signs and symbols – Signs and symbols provide visual support for everyday language. They can be used to support understanding, as well as providing a full- or part-time means of communication when speech is challenging. Individual symbols may be used to offer choices, whilst a communication board or book can empower individuals to combine words to form phrases and express a wide range of communication functions, for example, to comment, ask questions and protest. 

AAC apps – These are specifically designed for mobile devices and tablets and offer access to a large vocabulary, allowing users to create novel phrases and sentences. They have the advantage of being customisable and phrases that are used frequently or for self-advocacy can be pre-programmed.   

Visual supports – Visual supports, which can be paper- or screen-based, help individuals to understand and organize their day. For example, a visual task board could break down the steps involved in an activity like brushing teeth or making breakfast. A “now and next” board can show what a person is currently doing and what will come next. Visual supports can also help support emotional regulation, such as showing options for when a person is feeling overwhelmed – like using a stress ball or taking deep breaths. 

(Battye, 2022) 

Important Considerations for Using AAC 

When implementing AAC with autistic individuals, consider the following key points: 

1. Presume Competence 

Communication is a basic human right. It’s crucial to assume that all individuals have something valuable to express. Presuming competence means believing that everyone has the capacity to learn and providing access to the support they need to communicate. 

2. Consider Access Methods 

The way an individual interacts with an AAC system should be adapted to their physical and sensory abilities. Some individuals may point directly to symbols or activate a system independently, whilst others may need additional support due to physical disabilities, sensory impairments or fatigue. Consulting an Occupational Therapist (OT) can help identify the best access method for each individual. 

3. Model Communication 

Modelling (or aided language input) involves communication partners using the AAC system to model language. This can be done by pointing to symbols while speaking, helping the individual see how language works in context. Communication partners should follow the individual’s interests, comment (rather than ask questions), and build on anything they say or do to encourage further communication. 

4. Provide Communication Opportunities 

It’s important to provide regular opportunities for communication and allow time for the individual to respond. Creating a low-pressure environment where the individual feels comfortable expressing themselves can improve communication skills and reduce frustration. 

(Battye, 2022) 

Final Thought 

AAC can enhance communication for autistic individuals by offering tailored tools to support their unique needs, helping with understanding, reducing anxiety, and empowering self-expression.